南京方山生态公园不同人工植被土壤动物群落结构时空变化

2009年3月~2010年4月采用干漏斗法和手捡法对南京方山生态公园针阔混交林、茶园、农田等3种典型人工植被生境的土壤动物群落结构及其季节变化进行初步调查。共采得土壤动物样本3 164个，27个类群隶属于5门12纲23目。结果表明：近孔寡毛目（Plesiopora）、弹尾纲（Collembola）和蜱螨目（Acarina）为常年优势类群；双翅目（Diptera）、同翅目（Homoptera）、膜翅目（Hymenoptera）、等足目（Isopoda）、后孔寡毛目（Opisthopora）和鞘翅目（Coleoptera）则为常年常见类群。土壤动物群落类群数和个体数量的季节消长规律分别是夏季>冬季>秋季>春季和夏季>秋季>冬季>春季。不同植被生境的土壤动物个体数量总数依次为茶园>混交林>农田；不同季节、不同人工植被类型以及不同季节和不同人工植被类型之间土壤动物群落的组成具有较大变化，不同类群之间个体数量差异显著。多样性分析表明，土壤动物类群多样性和均匀性指数在夏季时最高；茶园和混交林多样性指数和丰富度指数均高于农田。不同植被类型土壤动物垂直分布特征均表现为具有明显的表聚性，土壤动物的类群垂直分布差异明显，类群数随土层向下逐步减少     

Rare earth elements in street dust and associated health risk in a municipal industrial base of central China

The content levels, distribution characteristics, and health risks associated with 15 rare earth elements (REEs) in urban street dust from an industrial city, Zhuzhou, in central China were investigated. The total REE content (∑REE) ranged from 66.1 to 237.4 mg kg^?1, with an average of 115.9 mg kg^?1, which is lower than that of Chinese background soil and Yangtze river sediment. Average content of the individual REE in street dust decreased in the order Ce > La > Nd > Y > Pr > Sm > Gd > Dy > Er > Yb > Eu > Ho > Tb > Tm > Lu. The chondrite-normalized REE pattern indicated light REE (LREE) enrichment, a relatively steep LREE trend, heavy REE (HREE) depletion, a flat HREE trend, a Eu-negative anomaly and a Ce-positive anomaly. Foremost heavy local soil and to less degree anthropogenic pollution are the main sources of REE present in street dust. Health risk associated with the exposure of REE in street dust was assessed based on the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effect and lifetime average daily dose. The obtained cancer and non-cancer risk values prompt for no augmented health hazard. However, children had greater health risks than that of adults.     

Evaluation of three satellite-based latent heat flux algorithms over forest ecosystems using eddy covariance data

We have evaluated the performance of three satellite-based latent heat flux (LE) algorithms over forest ecosystems using observed data from 40 flux towers distributed across the world on all continents. These are the revised remote sensing-based Penman-Monteith LE (RRS-PM) algorithm, the modified satellite-based Priestley-Taylor LE (MS-PT) algorithm, and the semi-empirical Penman LE (UMD-SEMI) algorithm. Sensitivity analysis illustrates that both energy and vegetation terms has the highest sensitivity compared with other input variables. The validation results show that three algorithms demonstrate substantial differences in algorithm performance for estimating daily LE variations among five forest ecosystem biomes. Based on the average Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency and root-mean-squared error (RMSE), the MS-PT algorithm has high performance over both deciduous broadleaf forest (DBF) (0.81, 25.4 W/m²) and mixed forest (MF) (0.62, 25.3 W/m²) sites, the RRS-PM algorithm has high performance over evergreen broadleaf forest (EBF) (0.4, 28.1 W/m²) sites, and the UMD-SEMI algorithm has high performance over both deciduous needleleaf forest (DNF) (0.78, 17.1 W/m²) and evergreen needleleaf forest (ENF) (0.51, 28.1 W/m²) sites. Perhaps the lower uncertainties in the required forcing data for the MS-PT algorithm, the complicated algorithm structure for the RRS-PM algorithm, and the calibrated coefficients of the UMD-SEMI algorithm based on ground-measured data may explain these differences.     

Sustainability assessment of greenhouse vegetable farming practices from environmental,economic, and socio-institutional perspectives in China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - To provide growing population with sufficient food, greenhouse vegetable production has expanded rapidly in recent years in China and sustainability...     

生物絮凝剂产生菌群发酵特性及动力学

从土壤中分离、筛选得到2株具有协同发酵的微生物絮凝剂产生菌。通过单因素实验考察了碳源、氮源、不同C/N等多种发酵条件对复合菌株产絮的影响,并对复合菌株的生长动力学进行了研究。当碳源为蔗糖、氮源为草酸铵、C/N为30∶1,pH=7.0、在30℃,160 r/min的摇床速度下培养24 h,其发酵液对4 g/L的高岭土的悬浊液的絮凝率达到99.3%。根据Logistic方程,得到复合型生物絮凝剂产生菌群的生长动力学模型与实验数据能较好地拟合,基本反映了复合菌群生长的动力学特征。     

Oxidative stress response in zebrafish (Danio rerio) gill experimentally exposed to subchronic microcystin-LR

The worldwide occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms makes it necessary to perform environmental risk assessment procedures to monitor the effects of microcytins on fish. Oxidative stress biomarkers are valuable tools in this regard. Considering that zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a common model species in fish toxicology and the zebrafish gill is potentially useful in screening waterborne pollutants, this study investigated the oxidative stress response in zebrafish gill exposed to subchronic microcystin-LR (MCLR) concentrations (2 or 20?μg/l) via measurement of toxin accumulation, protein phosphatase (PP) activity, and the antioxidant parameters (glutathione-S-transferase-GST; glutathione-GSH; superoxide dismutase-SOD; catalase-CAT; glutathione peroxide-GPx; glutathione reductase-GR), as well as levels of hydroxyl radical (OH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO). The results showed that after 30?days exposure, MCLR accumulated in zebrafish gill and MCLR exposure induced PP activity in gill. A linear inhibition of GST activity and GSH content was observed in the gills, revealing that they were involved in the first step of MCLR detoxification. The 2?μg/l MCLR treatment neglectably affected OH content and the antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx, and GR), however oxidative stress was induced under the 20?μg/l MCLR treatment in which an enhanced OH content and alterations of the antioxidant enzymes were observed in the treated gills, although both treatments exerted little effect on LPO level. The principal component analysis results indicated that the most sensitive biomarkers of MCLR exposure were GST and GSH in zebrafish gill. So, D. rerio could be regarded as a suitable bioindicator of MCLR exposure by measuring CAT, GR, GST, and GSH as biomarkers.     

长江经济带土地城镇化时空格局及其驱动力研究

研究长江经济带土地城镇化时空格局演变及驱动因素,对长江经济带新型城镇化建设具有重要的理论及实践意义。测度了1994~2014年长江经济带121个地级市土地城镇化水平,并利用探索性空间数据分析方法(ESDA)探究其时空格局演变特征,最后运用偏最小二乘回归分析模型(PLS)探讨了土地城镇化空间格局差异形成的主要驱动因素。研究结果表明:时序演变上,长江经济带土地城镇化水平总体上呈现不断上升的趋势,并表现出阶段性变化特征;空间演化上,长江经济带土地城镇化水平空间差异明显,主要表现为:空间自关联性显著,且土地城镇化热点区域作为极化的核心,集聚趋势由东北向西南方向逐渐递减;长江经济带土地城镇化水平时空差异受到经济发展水平、产业结构升级、人口规模、固定资产投资和区位条件等因素的共同作用影响。     

基于最严格水资源管理制度的初始水权分配研究

实行最严格水资源管理制度是2011年中央一号文件明确要求的内容。在分析最严格水资源管理初始水权分配内涵的基础上,首次以水资源管理“三条红线”为准则,构建了包含目标层、准则层、指标层及方案层4个层次结构的初始水权分配指标体系,建立了最严格水资源管理初始水权分配的投影寻踪模型,并采用量子遗传算法优化投影指标函数,以模型计算出的最佳投影值作为初始水权分配的分水比例。最后,以南水北调东线一期工程为例,将本文所建立的模型用来分配该工程净增加供水量的初始调水量。结果表明:该指标体系和模型具有一定的可操作性及有效性。     

青菜中镉的吸收和累积对硒的响应规律

镉是一种有毒重金属,广泛种植的青菜却对镉有较强的富集能力.鉴于我国土壤的镉污染现状,消减青菜可食部位镉的累积有重要意义.硒可以调控植物对镉的吸收.通过3种青菜的水培硒、镉处理,以及硒影响下镉的吸收动力学,结果表明,3个浓度亚硒酸盐均使杭州油冬儿地上部镉含量显著降低50%左右;苏州青根和上海青的地上部镉含量则随硒水平提高而降低,但不显著.不同浓度亚硒酸盐可以降低青菜中镉转移系数,高浓度硒的抑制效果更明显; 50μmol·L~(-1)亚硒酸盐使杭州油冬儿和苏州青根的镉转移系数显著降低了50%左右.亚硒酸盐可以提高青菜中铁、锰的含量,50μmol·L~(-1)亚硒酸盐使杭州油冬儿地上部铁含量提高了1/2. 1 h吸收试验中,两种硒均显著提高了青菜对镉的吸收速率,并使V_(max)提高了100%以上.因此,硒可以降低青菜可食部位的镉累积,但此效果依赖于品种,而且主要来源于硒对镉在植物内转运的影响,而非根表的吸收竞争.